[[servlet-authentication-form]]
= Form Login
:figures: servlet/authentication/unpwd

Spring Security provides support for username and password being provided through an html form.
This section provides details on how form based authentication works within Spring Security.
// FIXME: describe authenticationentrypoint, authenticationfailurehandler, authenticationsuccesshandler

Let's take a look at how form based log in works within Spring Security.
First, we see how the user is redirected to the log in form.

.Redirecting to the Log In Page
image::{figures}/loginurlauthenticationentrypoint.png[]

The figure builds off our xref:servlet/architecture.adoc#servlet-securityfilterchain[`SecurityFilterChain`] diagram.

image:{icondir}/number_1.png[] First, a user makes an unauthenticated request to the resource `/private` for which it is not authorized.

image:{icondir}/number_2.png[] Spring Security's xref:servlet/authorization/authorize-requests.adoc#servlet-authorization-filtersecurityinterceptor[`FilterSecurityInterceptor`] indicates that the unauthenticated request is __Denied__ by throwing an `AccessDeniedException`.

image:{icondir}/number_3.png[] Since the user is not authenticated, xref:servlet/architecture.adoc#servlet-exceptiontranslationfilter[`ExceptionTranslationFilter`] initiates __Start Authentication__ and sends a redirect to the log in page with the configured xref:servlet/authentication/architecture/index.adoc#servlet-authentication-authenticationentrypoint[`AuthenticationEntryPoint`].
In most cases the `AuthenticationEntryPoint` is an instance of {security-api-url}org/springframework/security/web/authentication/LoginUrlAuthenticationEntryPoint.html[`LoginUrlAuthenticationEntryPoint`].

image:{icondir}/number_4.png[] The browser will then request the log in page that it was redirected to.

image:{icondir}/number_5.png[] Something within the application, must <<servlet-authentication-form-custom,render the log in page>>.

[[servlet-authentication-usernamepasswordauthenticationfilter]]
When the username and password are submitted, the `UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter` authenticates the username and password.
The `UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter` extends xref:servlet/authentication/architecture/index.adoc#servlet-authentication-abstractprocessingfilter[AbstractAuthenticationProcessingFilter], so this diagram should look pretty similar.

.Authenticating Username and Password
image::{figures}/usernamepasswordauthenticationfilter.png[]

The figure builds off our xref:servlet/architecture.adoc#servlet-securityfilterchain[`SecurityFilterChain`] diagram.


image:{icondir}/number_1.png[] When the user submits their username and password, the `UsernamePasswordAuthenticationFilter` creates a `UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken` which is a type of xref:servlet/authentication/architecture/index.adoc#servlet-authentication-authentication[`Authentication`] by extracting the username and password from the `HttpServletRequest`.

image:{icondir}/number_2.png[] Next, the `UsernamePasswordAuthenticationToken` is passed into the `AuthenticationManager` to be authenticated.
The details of what `AuthenticationManager` looks like depend on how the xref:servlet/authentication/unpwd/index.adoc#servlet-authentication-unpwd-storage[user information is stored].

image:{icondir}/number_3.png[] If authentication fails, then __Failure__

* The xref:servlet/authentication/architecture/index.adoc#servlet-authentication-securitycontextholder[SecurityContextHolder] is cleared out.
* `RememberMeServices.loginFail` is invoked.
If remember me is not configured, this is a no-op.
// FIXME: link to rememberme
* `AuthenticationFailureHandler` is invoked.
// FIXME: link to AuthenticationFailureHandler

image:{icondir}/number_4.png[] If authentication is successful, then __Success__.

* `SessionAuthenticationStrategy` is notified of a new log in.
// FIXME: Add link to SessionAuthenticationStrategy
* The xref:servlet/authentication/architecture/index.adoc#servlet-authentication-authentication[Authentication] is set on the xref:servlet/authentication/architecture/index.adoc#servlet-authentication-securitycontextholder[SecurityContextHolder].
// FIXME: link securitycontextpersistencefilter
* `RememberMeServices.loginSuccess` is invoked.
If remember me is not configured, this is a no-op.
// FIXME: link to rememberme
* `ApplicationEventPublisher` publishes an `InteractiveAuthenticationSuccessEvent`.
* The `AuthenticationSuccessHandler` is invoked. Typically this is a `SimpleUrlAuthenticationSuccessHandler` which will redirect to a request saved by xref:servlet/architecture.adoc#servlet-exceptiontranslationfilter[`ExceptionTranslationFilter`] when we redirect to the log in page.

[[servlet-authentication-form-min]]
Spring Security form log in is enabled by default.
However, as soon as any servlet based configuration is provided, form based log in must be explicitly provided.
A minimal, explicit Java configuration can be found below:

.Form Log In
====
.Java
[source,java,role="primary"]
----
protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) {
	http
		// ...
		.formLogin(withDefaults());
}
----

.XML
[source,xml,role="secondary"]
----
<http>
	<!-- ... -->
	<form-login />
</http>
----

.Kotlin
[source,kotlin,role="secondary"]
----
fun configure(http: HttpSecurity) {
	http {
		// ...
		formLogin { }
	}
}
----
====

In this configuration Spring Security will render a default log in page.
Most production applications will require a custom log in form.

[[servlet-authentication-form-custom]]
The configuration below demonstrates how to provide a custom log in form.

.Custom Log In Form Configuration
====
.Java
[source,java,role="primary"]
----
protected void configure(HttpSecurity http) throws Exception {
	http
		// ...
		.formLogin(form -> form
			.loginPage("/login")
			.permitAll()
		);
}
----

.XML
[source,xml,role="secondary"]
----
<http>
	<!-- ... -->
	<intercept-url pattern="/login" access="permitAll" />
	<form-login login-page="/login" />
</http>
----

.Kotlin
[source,kotlin,role="secondary"]
----
fun configure(http: HttpSecurity) {
	http {
		// ...
		formLogin {
			loginPage = "/login"
			permitAll()
		}
	}
}
----
====

[[servlet-authentication-form-custom-html]]
When the login page is specified in the Spring Security configuration, you are responsible for rendering the page.
// FIXME: default login page rendered by Spring Security
Below is a https://www.thymeleaf.org/[Thymeleaf] template that produces an HTML login form that complies with a login page of `/login`:

.Log In Form
====
.src/main/resources/templates/login.html
[source,xml]
----
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:th="https://www.thymeleaf.org">
	<head>
		<title>Please Log In</title>
	</head>
	<body>
		<h1>Please Log In</h1>
		<div th:if="${param.error}">
			Invalid username and password.</div>
		<div th:if="${param.logout}">
			You have been logged out.</div>
		<form th:action="@{/login}" method="post">
			<div>
			<input type="text" name="username" placeholder="Username"/>
			</div>
			<div>
			<input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Password"/>
			</div>
			<input type="submit" value="Log in" />
		</form>
	</body>
</html>
----
====

There are a few key points about the default HTML form:

* The form should perform a `post` to `/login`
* The form will need to include a xref:servlet/exploits/csrf.adoc#servlet-csrf[CSRF Token] which is xref:servlet/exploits/csrf.adoc#servlet-csrf-include-form-auto[automatically included] by Thymeleaf.
* The form should specify the username in a parameter named `username`
* The form should specify the password in a parameter named `password`
* If the HTTP parameter error is found, it indicates the user failed to provide a valid username / password
* If the HTTP parameter logout is found, it indicates the user has logged out successfully

Many users will not need much more than to customize the log in page.
However, if needed, everything above can be customized with additional configuration.

[[servlet-authentication-form-custom-controller]]
If you are using Spring MVC, you will need a controller that maps `GET /login` to the login template we created.
A minimal sample `LoginController` can be seen below:

.LoginController
====
.Java
[source,java,role="primary"]
----
@Controller
class LoginController {
	@GetMapping("/login")
	String login() {
		return "login";
	}
}
----

.Kotlin
[source,kotlin,role="secondary"]
----
@Controller
class LoginController {
    @GetMapping("/login")
    fun login(): String {
        return "login"
    }
}
----
====
